木质纤维素乙醇发酵研究中的关键点及解决方案

该文综述了近年来木质纤维素材料发酵生产乙醇的研究进展，提出了在木质纤维素原料发酵生产乙醇过程中的两大关键点，一是减少和消除原料预处理过程中抑制物及其有害影响；二是含木糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、半乳糖等多种物质的混合物同时作为底物的乙醇发酵。在对已有研究结果比较和分析基础上，提出相应的解决方案。首先要采取综合的预处理过程，达到提高木质纤维素水解率的同时减少发酵抑制物；然后是提高发酵菌种对混合糖底物的利用能力和发酵生成乙醇的能力以及对抑制物的耐受性，以提高木质纤维素发酵生产乙醇的转化率。     

施用玉米植株残体对土壤富里酸组成、结构及其变化的影响

采用元素分析和谱学方法对施入玉米植株残体后的土壤FA的变化进行了研究，结果表明，施入玉米植株残体后土壤FA的C、H、N含量均升高，而O的含量降低，并且C／H、O／C和C／N比值均降低。土壤中FA的羧基含量减少，芳香碳的含量下降，FA的氧化程度降低，芳香度显著下降，FA的分子结构向更为简单化的方向发展。同时，酰胺成分增加，脂族链烃结构成分明显增多。土壤FA与无机矿物质的结合能力相对减弱，FA上的羧基逐渐由羧酸盐的形式向游离的羧基形式过渡。玉米植株残体的加入使FA中糖类结构成分增加。对土壤中FA的影响，施入玉米秸秆和根系残体的处理有一定差别。     

复合改良剂对后发酵馒头冷冻面团冻藏品质的影响

冷冻面团加工技术作为一种面食生产新工艺,是目前较先进的面制品保鲜技术。冷冻处理会对酵母活力、面团品质、面团面筋结构等产生不良影响。为了提高冷冻面团品质,明确不同食品改良剂对后发酵冷冻面团馒头品质的影响,该研究优化了复配增稠剂(卡拉胶、瓜尔豆胶、海藻酸钠)、复配乳化剂(双乙酰酒石酸单双甘油酯、羧甲基纤维素)、复配酶制剂(谷氨酰胺转氨酶、葡萄糖氧化酶)和海藻糖对后发酵冷冻面团馒头品质的作用,通过单因素和响应面试验设计,考察了不同复合改良剂对冷冻面团馒头比容、质构和感官品质的影响。研究表明:海藻糖、酶制剂对冷冻面团馒头比容的影响极其显著(p0.01)。在添加量为0.4%乳化剂、0.8%增稠剂、45 mg/kg酶制剂、2%海藻糖的复配工艺下,冷冻面团馒头的比容达到最佳水3.15 mL/g,其硬度和弹性也达到较优值,分别为926.832 g、0.912 8。同时对未添加和添加复合改良剂冻藏0～2.5个月的冷冻面团进行扫描电镜观察,发现未添加复配改良剂的冷冻面团中大多数小淀粉颗粒裸露在外,颗粒分明,内部组织结构不均匀,而添加复合改良剂的冷冻面团淀粉颗粒镶嵌在面筋网络之间,蛋白网络结构清晰完整,冷冻面团内部组织结构均匀紧密,面团的抗冻性较强。     

金衢丘陵棉区小型灌溉系统的分析与改造

浙江省金衢丘陵的地形较复杂，棉田的灌溉设施存在不少问题，为此，作者经过分析，改造成适合该地区的棉田小型灌溉示范工程，收到了节水省电、投入少而效益好的效果。     

论资源环境保护与水土保持方案审批

 科学发展观是我们统领发展的指导思想。国家提出加快建设资源节约型社会和环境友好型社会的目标,开发建设项目水土保持方案的审批应成为转变经济增长方式、实现社会转型的重要手段。在新形势和新的历史发展时期,应根据国家“十一五”规划纲要确定的产业发展政策、区域主体功能定位,从注重单个项目水土流失防治技术的战术层面向注重流域或区域的资源环境保护的战略层面转变,针对不同情况给予审批、暂缓审批或不予审批,发挥水土保持调节经济发展的作用。水行政主管部门要加强水土保持方案的技术评估机构建设,强化水土保持监测工作,为国家掌握水土资源、生态环境、水土流失动态变化,调整经济发展政策,提供技术支撑和科学依据。     

浙江省石灰土光谱特征及其自动识别分类技术研究

本文通过石灰土专题调查，室内土壤光谱测定及其特定及其特征分析，并在此基础上进行土壤光谱自动识别分类方法的对比试验。明确了浙江省石灰土的四个土类，六个土属的光谱特征分异规律；提出了一种参数少，运算量小，精度高的光谱自动识别新方法－分层提取判别法。     

β－转换生长因子对牛体外受精卵体外发育的影响

本研究主要检测ＴＧＦ－β对牛早期胚胎体外发育和移植后的成活率的影响。在试验１和试验２，添加０．３～７．０ｎｇ／ｍＬ的ＴＧＦ－β至无论是复杂培养液还是各成分已知的简单培养液中，囊胚中内细胞团细胞都不同程度地增长，比对照组的囊胚多０．５～１．０倍；此外在含有３．０～５．０ｎｇ／ｍＬ的ＴＧＦ－β的培养液中的囊胚，其孵化率显著地高于对照组。在试验３中，添加３．０ｎｇ／ｍＬ的ＴＧＦ－β显著地促进与不同细胞共同培养的囊胚内细胞团的细胞增长，在颗粒细胞或输卵管细胞及其两者组合当中的单层细胞上的囊胚表现突出。在试验４中，用ＴＧＦ－β培养所获得的囊胚移植于受体母牛，约４５～９０ｄ将受体屠宰检查中发现，ＴＧＦ－β的囊胚成活率高于无ＴＧＦ－β的囊胚．试验结果表明，ＴＧＦ－β可促进体外发育的囊胚内细胞团的细胞增长以及提高囊胚移植后的成活率。     

西藏南迦巴瓦峰地区土壤地理分布规律的研究

西藏东南部的南迦巴瓦峰地区，面积约６．４３×１０＾４ｋｍ＾２。章探讨了土壤垂直带谱的性质和结构特点，土壤水平地带与垂直带的关系，土壤垂直带的结果类型；论述了湿润程度，逆温、人类活动对土壤垂直带影响，以及山体高度和大小与山地土壤分布的关系。     

Gram-negative bacterial flora on the root surface of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown under different soil conditions

We identified 161 Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated from the root surface of wheat grown under different soil conditions. The strains were divided into seven groups based on major morphological and physiological properties. Taxonomic allocation of the groups was verified by guanine+cytosine contents of DNA. Except for one group, which may be assumed to include bacteria belonging to the genera Flavobacterium and Cytophaga, the various groups were taxonomically united. The distribution of the groups changed with soil improvement. Pseudomonads predominated in unimproved soil, but Flavobacterium and Cytophaga spp. were predominant in the most improved soil. As all the strains were non-fermentative by Hugh and Leifson's test, API 20NE identification was applied. However, many strains were misidentified by this system, especially in the Flavobacterium and Cytophaga spp. group. For ecological studies, the strains were classified to species level by the API 20 NE system and by the results of a combination of guanine+cytosine (mol%) and isoprenoid quinone data. The pattern of distribution of the bacteria on the root surface of wheat varied at species level within one genus depending on soil conditions.Dedicated to Professor J. C. G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Effect of different forms and sources of arsenic on crop yield and arsenic concentration

Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different sources of As application on the yield of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the arsenic concentration in crop tissue. The soils used were a sand and a loam soil. In the first experiment (3 yr), As was applied either as sodium arsenite or as disodium hydrogen arsenate at the rate of 0, 2, 10, 50, and 250 mg As kg^?1 soil in year 1. In years 2 and 3, only the residual effect of As applied in year 1 was investigated. In the second experiment (5 yr), a NPK(16-7-12) fertilizer containing 10, 100 and 3000 mg As kg^?1 as sodium arsenite was applied at rates of 750 and 600 mg kg^?1 to ryegrass and barley, respectively, with lime and without lime. Arsenite had more inhibitory effect on crop yield than arsenate. Although the residual effect persisted up to year 3, it was found to be dependent on As application rate, soil type, and crop species. Only minor differences in As concentration in crops between arsenite and arsenate sources were observed. The yield reduction and the increase of As concentration in crops was highly related to As application rates. The As rates of 50 and 250 mg As kg^?1 resulted in significant yield reduction and marked increase of As concentration in both crops and these rates could be considered as critical for both crops. The application of As containing fertilizer had little or no effect on crop yield. The As concentration in both crops was little affected by the fertilizer containing up to 100 mg As kg^?1 but the concentration increased several folds when the fertilizer containing 3000 mg As kg^?1 was applied. The application of additional P to the treatment containing 3000 mg As kg^?1 fertilizer only slightly increased crop yields but it increased As concentration in ryegrass markedly. The repeated application of As containing fertilizer up to a period of 5 yr, even at 3000 mg As kg^?1 level, generally did not affect either the yields or the As concentration in both crops although a slight increase of As concentration in barley grain over the years was observed. In both experiments, the yield reduction and the increase in As concentration in crop tissue were lower in the loam soil than in the sand and barley straw cointained much higher As than barley grains, indicating that greater proportion of the As taken up by this crop was retained in the vegetative organs.